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Review Article
Ethnic discrimination in Adolescent Alcohol
Consumption: concept analysis
Isamar Daniela Enríquez-Quintero
1
, María Magdalena Alonso-Castillo
1*
,
Sandra Cristina Pillon
2
y Nora Angélica Armendáriz García
1
1
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Facultad de Enfermería. Monterrey, Nuevo León,
México.
2
Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.
* Corresponding author: María Magdalena Alonso-Castillo, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo
León. Facultad de Enfermería. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. E-mail:
magdalena_al[email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-7197-8116
Sent: 04/11/2024 Accepted: 06/28/2024 Published: 09/27/2024
Abstract: Introduction: This article addresses the growing concern regarding alcohol consumption
in adolescents, emphasizing its significant health impacts. It focuses on the intersection between
ethnicity and alcohol consumption, with a particular emphasis on exploring ethnic discrimination.
Methods: Using the concept analysis methodology proposed by Walker and Avant, this study aims to
deconstruct and understand the inherent complexity of this phenomenon. The primary objectives
include understanding the essential elements and dimensions associated with ethnic discrimination
in alcohol consumption among adolescents. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was
conducted across various databases such as Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, LILACS, and EBSCO.
Results: After analyzing 11 articles, seven key attributes related to ethnic discrimination were
identified, including perception and stereotypes, differential treatment, institutional injustice,
interpersonal rejection, cultural discrimination, severe manifestations, and discriminatory
interactions. These attributes are translated into specific scales to assess individual resilience.
Conclusion: The need for targeted interventions is highlighted, and a detailed understanding of ethnic
discrimination is provided, offering practical implications in fields such as education and health. This
study lays the groundwork for the development of future practices.
Key words: Ethnic discrimination; Proof of Concept Study; Alcohol consumption; Adolescents; Health
disparities.
1. Introduction
The constant concern in scientific and
social spheres regarding alcohol
consumption during adolescence is
heightened by its significant impacts on
the health and well-being of young people.
This concern becomes more pressing in
light of the increase in monthly binge
drinking (from 4.3% to 8.3%), as well as the
rise in habitual consumption (from 1% to
4.1%) and daily consumption (from 0.2% to
2.6%). These trends pose serious health
risks and suggest a potential increase in
alcohol tolerance and dependence in this
demographic group
1-4
.
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As research progresses, it becomes
evident that experiences related to
ethnicity play a crucial role in shaping
alcohol consumption patterns among
individuals from various cultures
5-8
. In this
context, ethnic discrimination is identified
as a key concept influencing the
development of alcohol consumption
behavior in adolescents
9-12
.
The Pan American Health Organization
(PAHO), in its pursuit of universal health,
acknowledges the need to establish
priority actions to ensure equitable access
to comprehensive, timely, and quality
health services, free from any form of
discrimination. These actions aim to
address barriers such as ethnic
discrimination and enhance the cultural
competence of health services
13,14
.
However, although its application is
recognized across various sciences and
professions, there is variability in its
conceptualization, making it imperative to
thoroughly understand the components of
ethnic discrimination. This deeper
understanding will facilitate the
implementation of actions aimed at
reducing this issue.
Concept analysis in research emerges as a
valuable tool for defining and
understanding key terms within a specific
field. This process involves breaking down
a concept into its constituent elements,
identifying its essential characteristics,
and establishing relationships with related
concepts
15,16
.
The methodology proposed by Walker and
Avant
17-19
,
widely recognized as one of the
most applied methods for concept
analysis, is distinguished by its rigorous
and systematic approach to exploring the
complexities inherent to the phenomenon.
Moreover, it provides an analytical
framework for formulating intervention
and prevention strategies
20-25
.
In this perspective, the objective of the
present study is to understand and clarify
the essential elements and dimensions
associated with ethnic discrimination in
adolescent alcohol consumption through
the application of Walker and Avant's
methodology
19
.
2. Method
In addressing the concept of ethnic
discrimination in adolescent alcohol
consumption, the methodology proposed
by Walker and Avant was applied, as its
systematic approach has been widely
adopted in concept analysis to understand
key terms in research
19
. These authors
argue that concept analysis is crucial for
advancing theoretical development,
providing the opportunity to explain and
describe phenomena relevant to practice.
The strategy involves a detailed evaluation
of the characteristics and attributes that
define the concept, allowing for the
distinction between pertinent examples
and those that are not.
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This method consists of eight sequential
phases: selecting the concept, defining the
objectives or purposes of the analysis,
identifying the various uses of the
concept, determining the characteristics
or attributes associated with it, identifying
the representative model case, identifying
other relevant cases, identifying
antecedents and consequences related to
the concept, and formulating definitions of
empirical indicators
19
.
The application of this structure provides
both a solid theoretical definition and an
operationalization of the concept,
allowing for a deeper understanding of its
functionality. This systematic approach
facilitates a detailed exploration of ethnic
discrimination, highlighting its
fundamental components and practical
implications
19
.
3. Results
3.1 Concept Selection
The concept selected for the present
analysis focuses on "ethnic discrimination
in adolescent alcohol consumption." This
choice is based on the growing recognition
that experiences intrinsically linked to
ethnicity significantly influence the
development of alcohol consumption
patterns in the adolescent population.
Ethnic discrimination, conceptualized as
the expression of prejudice and the
application of unequal treatment based on
ethnic affiliation, emerges as a critical
element for explaining the disparities
observed in alcohol consumption during
this crucial developmental period
11
.
3.2 Determination of the Purpose of the
Analysis
The aim of this research was to
understand and clarify the fundamental
aspects and dimensions related to ethnic
discrimination in alcohol consumption
among adolescents. This purpose focuses
on the imperative task of obtaining clarity
on the underlying elements contributing
to disparities in alcohol consumption,
particularly those associated with
experiences of ethnic discrimination.
Through the meticulous decomposition
and analysis of these elements, the goal is
to establish a robust platform to support
more effective and culturally relevant
intervention and prevention strategies,
specifically contributing to the promotion
of health and well-being of adolescents
belonging to an ethnic Yaqui community in
the State of Sonora, Mexico
19
.
3.3 Identification of Various Uses of the
Concept
In this phase, a comprehensive review of
the scientific literature and previous
studies was conducted to identify and
compile various definitions of "ethnic
discrimination in adolescent alcohol
consumption." Variations in existing
interpretations and conceptual
approaches were analyzed to achieve a
comprehensive understanding of the
term. To fully understand ethnic
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discrimination in adolescent alcohol
consumption, all uses were considered to
avoid bias
19
.
3.4 Primary Definitions
The concept of ethnic discrimination
cannot be attributed to a single author or
specific origin, as it has evolved over time
in response to various experiences and
historical contexts. However, it is possible
to identify thinkers and theorists who have
contributed to the understanding and
discussion of the concept
26-31
. One of the
earliest significant academic studies on
this topic was conducted by the French
sociologist Émile Durkheim in his work
"The Rules of Sociological Method" (1895).
Although Durkheim addressed social
divisions and forms of solidarity in society,
which laid the groundwork for generating
this concept, his focus was not specifically
on ethnic discrimination
27
.
In the United States, at the beginning of
the 20th century, sociologist Du Bois made
significant contributions to the analysis of
racial discrimination, although his primary
focus was on the experiences of the
African American population
28
. The
unfortunate experiences of this
population contributed to the
development of the term of interest
29
.
Subsequently, the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights marked the beginning of a
new paradigm, establishing itself as a
catalog of universally recognized rights
fundamental to justice and peace
30,31
.
It reaffirmed classical rights such as life,
liberty, the prohibition of slavery, equality
before the law, freedom of movement, the
right to opinion, impartial judgment,
freedom of thought, conscience, religion,
and assembly
11
. Another decisive influence
in this shift regarding the treatment of
ethnic/racial minorities was the
movement for the restoration of civil
rights for African American citizens. The
civil rights movement in the United States
fought against the segregation imposed on
African American citizens and broke the
culture of silence. During this period, a
distinction began to emerge between
individual discrimination based on
ethnic/racial origin and institutional
discrimination
32-34
.
The concept of "ethnicity" emerges as an
area of focus, addressing the identification
of a human group based on its past history,
shared experiences, as well as the
presence of a common language, symbols,
and collective narratives
35-37
. Originally,
this term was used in common language to
refer to "nations," although it was also
associated with the "savage" or
underdeveloped and used as a synonym
for "tribal"
38,39
.
In 1965, the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination was adopted, which, for
the first time, incorporated an operational
definition of racial discrimination as "any
distinction, exclusion, restriction, or
preference based on race, color, descent,
or national or ethnic origin that has the
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purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing
the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise,
on an equal footing, of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural or any other
field of public life" (Article 1)
40
. Therefore,
ethnic discrimination accompanies racial
discrimination, but refers to unequal,
unfair, or harmful treatment toward
individuals or groups of people based on
their ethnic or racial belonging
41,42
.
As a result of the historical and social
development of the concept in the
literature, different synonyms for ethnic
discrimination were identified, such as
ethnic prejudice, racism, ethnic
xenophobia, ethnic segregation, ethnic
exclusion, ethnic intolerance, ethnic
persecution, ethnic bias, ethnic
stigmatization, and ethnic injustice.
However, it is important to note that some
of these terms may have specific nuances
and are not always perfectly
interchangeable. Moreover, the use of one
term over another may depend on
geographic region, historical context, and
specific cultural dynamics
24
.
3.5 Literature Search
To identify the various uses of the concept,
a literature review was conducted in
electronic databases such as Scopus,
Cochrane Library, PubMed, LILACS, and
EBSCO. Additionally, a review of gray
literature in Google Scholar was included,
covering dictionaries, encyclopedias,
theses, reports, and other sources.
The search strategy incorporated terms
from the Health Sciences Descriptors
(DeCS) and their equivalents in Medical
Subject Headings (MeSH),
43
including
"Ethnic Discrimination," "Alcohol
Consumption," and "Adolescents," using
Boolean operators "AND" and "OR,"
considering different strategies according
to the database.
Studies addressing ethnic discrimination
in the context of adolescent alcohol
consumption, published from the
inception of the databases to the present,
in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, were
included. Studies that did not address the
concept of interest in their title, abstract,
or content were excluded (Figure 1)
44
. The
included articles were read and critically
analyzed to discover the attributes,
antecedents, and consequences related to
ethnic discrimination among healthcare
professionals (Table 1).
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Figure 1. Literature search.
Records identified from: 863
Cochrane (n= 6)
EBSCO (n = 68)
Google scholar (n= 8)
PubMed (n=48)
LILACS (n= 30)
Scopus (n= 703)
Records removed before
screening:
Duplicate records removed
(n = 106)
Records screened
(n = 757)
Records excluded (n = 708)
Reports sought for retrieval
(n = 49)
Reports not retrieved (n =1)
Reports assessed for eligibility
(n = 48)
Reports excluded:
Did not include the concept
centrally (n = 13)
Does not include only
Indigenous people (n = 24)
Studies included in review
(n = 11)
Identification of studies via databases and registers
Identification
Screening
Included
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3.6 Use of the Concept in Adolescent Alcohol
Consumption
The use of the concept of ethnic
discrimination in adolescent alcohol
consumption, as described in Table 1, has
been the subject of research across
various studies. An analysis of ethnic
discrimination among American Indian
adolescents found that individually
perceived discrimination affects mental
health and substance use, with this impact
moderated by school racial composition
45
.
In urban settings, Tobler et al. revealed
that while perceived ethnic discrimination
was not directly associated with alcohol
and marijuana use, it contributed to
maladaptive behavioral and mental health
outcomes.46 A study in New Zealand on
immigrant and non-immigrant high school
students indicated that discrimination
diminishes the protective effect of being a
first-generation immigrant regarding
alcohol and marijuana consumption
47
.
In the context of Mexican adolescents
living in the United States, Song et al.
found that early ethnic discrimination was
associated with a higher likelihood of
alcohol consumption in late adolescence,
mediated by stress-induced negative
affect
48
. Meca et al. also highlighted the
influence of acculturation and
sociocultural stress, including perceived
discrimination, on alcohol initiation
among recently immigrated Hispanic
adolescents
49
.
Additional studies pointed out that
perceived ethnic discrimination and
associations with peers who use drugs are
predictors of alcohol initiation and the
development of alcohol use disorders in
indigenous adolescents
50-52
. Furthermore,
other studies
53
examined the association
between discrimination experienced by
Hispanic/Latino adolescents living in the
United States and alcohol consumption,
finding that perceived discrimination was
indirectly related to alcohol consumption
through positive peer affiliations,
mediated by ethnic identity. Unger et al.
explored the relationship between
acculturation, perceived discrimination,
and substance use trajectories in
Hispanics, emphasizing the influence of
negative cultural experiences on
substance use risk
54
.
Finally, Gray and Montgomery examined
the links between maltreatment, post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
symptoms, and alcohol and/or drug
problems among African American and
Hispanic adolescents, finding that
perceived discrimination and ethnic
orientation were important moderators in
these relationships
55
. These studies
provide an understanding of how ethnic
discrimination influences alcohol
consumption in adolescents, underscoring
the importance of considering contextual
and sociocultural factors in intervention
strategies to promote positive health
outcomes.
3.7 Determination of Associated
Characteristics or Attributes
Identifying the defining group of
attributes most frequently associated with
the concept is a crucial aspect of the
analysis
19
, as these help differentiate the
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concept of ethnic discrimination from
other concepts. Attributes of ethnic
discrimination (Table 1) have been
identified as a result of the analysis of
literature on ethnic discrimination. The
seven most frequently cited attributes in
the literature are: perception and
stereotypes, differential treatment,
institutional injustice and inequality,
interpersonal rejection and perception of
injustice, cultural discrimination and
indigenous identity, severe manifestations
of discrimination, and discriminatory
interactions
45-55
.
Perception and Stereotypes: Perception is
a subjective process of interpreting
attitudes and behaviors, often linked with
microaggressions, expressed through
verbal insults and sexual harassment.
These perceptions intertwine with the
formation of stereotypes and prejudices,
creating a narrative that frames
interactions around race and ethnicity.
Differential Treatment: In the social fabric,
differential treatment arises where racial
groups experience inequalities, including
fewer opportunities from individuals and
social institutions. This reality is amplified
in individual discrimination rooted in race
or ethnicity, shaping patterns of inequality
that intersect various spheres of life.
Institutional Injustice and Inequality: The
social environment is affected by unjust
treatment from healthcare professionals
and law enforcement, where
discrimination is evident in healthcare and
legal systems. This institutional injustice
weaves into a network of inequalities,
impacting the daily experiences of those
marked by their ethnic identity.
Interpersonal Rejection and Perception of
Injustice: In interpersonal relationships,
rejection of individuals from different
ethnic backgrounds manifests, while
experiences of unjust treatment shape
individual perceptions. The perceptions of
the status of a specific ethnic group
influence emotional dynamics, where the
subjectivity of treatment links to perceived
identity.
Cultural Discrimination and Indigenous
Identity: Discrimination is embedded in
indigenous culture, shaping an
environment of negative treatment and
experiences of rejection. Here, cultural
identity becomes a central axis around
which narratives of discrimination are
constructed, contributing to the
stigmatization of those who carry it.
Severe Manifestations of Discrimination:
The severity of discrimination is
manifested in more intense episodes,
including disrespectful treatment, threats,
and physical assaults. These acts
represent the most overt and direct
expression of ethnic discrimination,
extending beyond subtle forms.
Discriminatory Interactions: Whether
conscious or unconscious, discrimination
between individuals mixes with
discriminatory interactions present in
various social structures. This complex
network directly influences the social
context, affecting everyday interactions
and creating a reality where
discrimination manifests at multiple levels.
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3.8 Identification of the Model Case and
Other Relevant Cases
The defining attributes of ethnic
discrimination can now be used to
construct model, borderline, and contrary
cases. Walker and Avant19 indicate that
these can be from real life, constructed, or
from literature.
3.9 Model Case
In a diverse high school, María, an
indigenous adolescent, finds herself
immersed in an environment permeated
by ethnic discrimination. Her perception
and stereotypes are influenced by
microaggressions, including verbal insults
and sexual harassment, generating a
narrative that shapes her daily
interactions.
Differential treatment arises in various
areas of María's life. Both individuals and
social institutions perpetuate inequalities
rooted in her race, delineating patterns of
individual discrimination. Educational
institutional injustice also leaves its mark,
manifesting in limited opportunities to
participate in diverse student
competitions, such as debates and dances,
justifying that her language skills are
limited and her attire stands out,
preventing balanced participation.
Interpersonal rejection and the perception
of injustice emerge in daily interactions.
María experiences a sense of
marginalization due to her indigenous
ancestry, while general perceptions of her
ethnic group's status contribute to an
emotional landscape where subjective
treatment intertwines with her perceived
identity.
Cultural discrimination and indigenous
identity are woven into María's
experience, shaping a fabric of negative
treatment and rejection. The
manifestation of more severe episodes of
discrimination, including verbal and
physical assaults, darkens her reality,
which fosters her turning to alcohol
consumption during gatherings with her
indigenous friends, initiating alcohol
consumption as a coping strategy.
3.10 Borderline Case
In a similarly diverse school, Javier, of Latin
American descent living in California,
faces similar challenges of ethnic
discrimination. However, unlike María,
Javier develops resistance and resilience
mechanisms. He confronts
microaggressions and challenges
stereotypes, seeking to construct his own
narrative that defies discriminatory
perceptions.
Although Javier experiences differential
treatment and institutional injustices, he
channels these experiences into
advocating for his rights and those of
others. His interpersonal rejection
transforms into opportunities to build
strong connections with those who value
diversity.
3.11 Contrary Case
In a school that fosters inclusion and
celebrates cultural diversity, Marta, an
indigenous adolescent, experiences an
environment where ethnic discrimination
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is minimal. Teachers and peers promote
equality, generating a school climate
where perceptions and stereotypes are
not tainted by microaggressions.
Differential treatment and institutional
injustice are virtually nonexistent in this
school. Interpersonal rejection is replaced
by a welcoming atmosphere where
cultural differences are celebrated, and
ethnic identity is not a source of
stigmatization.
These cases demonstrate the diversity of
experiences in school environments and
highlight the importance of addressing
ethnic discrimination to promote a healthy
and equitable educational environment.
3.12 Identification of Antecedents and
Consequences Linked to the Concept
Antecedents are events or incidents that
must occur before the formulation of the
concept, while consequences are events
or incidents that result from the
occurrence of the concept
19
.
3.12.1 Background
In the background of the issue of alcohol
consumption among adolescents, various
antecedents intertwine to shape the
phenomenon of ethnic discrimination. The
racial composition of mixed social
environments emerges as a crucial
precursor, as diversity in these spheres
can shape attitudes and perceptions
around alcohol consumption. In turn,
negative attitudes and beliefs toward
ethnic groups or deep-rooted prejudices
act as seeds that germinate into
discrimination, affecting young people's
decisions regarding alcohol
consumption
45-50
.
Generational status and the process of
acculturation form another layer of
antecedents, outlining how adolescents
adapt to social norms, including those
related to alcohol consumption.
Simultaneously, historical and current
factors, such as forced relocation,
boarding schools, social marginalization,
poverty, and family adversity, create a
conducive context for the emergence of
emotional tensions that could be
channeled through alcohol consumption
as a coping mechanism.
Belonging to an ethnic minority group and
experiencing marginalization within
cultural minorities are additional
antecedents, exposing adolescents to
discrimination that impacts decision-
making about health behaviors. These
antecedents form a complex network of
influences that contextualize the
relationship between ethnic
discrimination and alcohol consumption
during the crucial stage of adolescence
50-
55
.
3.12.2 Consequences
The consequences of ethnic
discrimination in adolescent alcohol
consumption unfold in a multifaceted web;
ethnic discrimination not only triggers
adverse emotional responses, such as
anxiety and depression, but also projects
into broader risk behaviors. The use of
various substances, problematic
behaviors, as well as negative impacts on
mental health and sexual behavior,
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represent the amplified consequences of
this discriminatory experience
45-48
.
On a more complex level, ethnic
discrimination is directly linked to the
vulnerability of adolescents to initiate
alcohol consumption and develop alcohol
use and behavioral disorders. This risk
often translates into patterns of alcohol
consumption that threaten to leave
permanent health impacts in the medium
and long term, affecting both individuals
and their social environments. In essence,
the consequences span from the
emotional to the behavioral realm,
highlighting the critical need to address
this concept as an influential factor in
alcohol consumption dynamics among
adolescents
49-55
.
3.13 Formulation of Empirical Indicator
Definitions
In the final phase of concept analysis,
following Walker and Avant's
methodology, the goal is to formulate
rigorous and quantifiable definitions for
empirical indicators related to perceived
racial/ethnic discrimination. These
indicators, being tangible and measurable,
are suitable for implementation in both
practical settings and specialized
research
19
.
Specific scales designed to assess
individual resilience are emphasized,
carefully considering the attributes
associated with ethnic discrimination. By
examining how these attributes manifest
in concrete empirical indicators, a more
precise understanding of the phenomenon
of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination
is revealed
56-61
.
Perception and stereotypes, fundamental
components of this phenomenon, find
their expression in the definition provided
by Barry et al.
45
and Tobler et al.,
46
which
describes the subjective feeling of being
treated unequally or prejudiced based on
race or ethnicity.
Differential treatment, another crucial
dimension, is directly addressed in the
definition by Tobler et al.
46
and Song et
al.,
48
identifying the subjective awareness
of being treated unfavorably or prejudiced
due to racial or ethnic belonging.
The attribute of institutional injustice and
inequality comes to life in Di Cosmo et
al.'s
47
conceptualization, where perceived
racial/ethnic discrimination is defined as
concrete experiences of discriminatory
treatment based on race or ethnicity,
impacting individuals in various social
contexts.
Interpersonal rejection and the perception
of injustice in interpersonal relationships
are linked to the definition by Brown et
al.,
53
Song et al.,
48
and Williams et al.,
61
which addresses experiences of verbal or
physical discrimination, showing how
these experiences affect emotional
dynamics and perceived identity.
Cultural discrimination and indigenous
identity are integrated into Landrine and
Klonoff's
59
conceptualization, which
introduces the Racist Events Calendar as a
structured method to systematically
document racist events, providing a
timeline framework to understand the
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accumulation of discriminatory
experiences.
Severe manifestations of discrimination,
encompassing intense discriminatory acts,
are found in Brown et al.'s
53
definition,
addressing experiences of verbal or
physical discrimination and showing how
these manifestations go beyond subtle
forms.
Discriminatory interactions, whether
conscious or unconscious, are manifested
in all the definitions provided by the
described empirical indicators, reflecting
the complexity of perceived racial/ethnic
discrimination in various contexts and
social levels.
3.14 Ethnic Discrimination in Adolescent
Alcohol Consumption
Ethnic discrimination in adolescent
alcohol consumption manifests through a
set of attributes that outline specific
experiences and challenges for ethnic
groups in the context of alcohol
consumption. This phenomenon
encompasses the perception and
stereotypes associated with race and
ethnicity, where microaggressions, verbal
insults, and sexual harassment intertwine
with the formation of prejudices that
directly impact attitudes toward alcohol
consumption.
Differential treatment, both at the
individual and institutional levels,
contributes to inequalities that affect
opportunities and alcohol consumption
patterns in adolescents belonging to
specific ethnic groups. Institutional
injustice and inequality, evident in unequal
treatment from healthcare professionals
and law enforcement, create barriers that
influence practices and perceptions
related to alcohol.
Interpersonal rejection and the perception
of injustice contribute to emotional
dynamics that affect alcohol consumption
among adolescents from different ethnic
backgrounds. These negative experiences
in interpersonal relationships intertwine
with cultural identity, being a determining
factor in the narratives of discrimination
and stigmatization.
Severe manifestations of discrimination,
such as physical, psychological, and social
aggressions, amplify the complexity of the
phenomenon, generating more intense
and profound impacts on adolescent
alcohol consumption. Additionally,
discriminatory interactions, whether
conscious or unconscious, present in
various social structures, directly
influence the social context, affecting daily
interactions and creating a reality where
discrimination manifests at multiple levels.
4. Conclusion
In summary, the conceptual analysis has
played a crucial role in unraveling the
complexity of the phenomenon of ethnic
discrimination by identifying its
antecedents, attributes, and
consequences, while refining both the
conceptual and operational definitions.
The persistent issue of alcohol
consumption among adolescents,
particularly when linked to ethnic
discrimination, underscores the pressing
need for targeted interventions, with
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Volume 2 (3): e34. July-September. 2024.
55
Https://doi.org/10.56935/hij.v2i3.34
profound implications for the health and
well-being of young people.
These findings are not only significant
from a scientific perspective, but also offer
substantial practical contributions,
particularly in the fields of education,
health, research, and interventions. In the
educational sphere, which plays a vital role
in the development and socialization of
adolescents, a detailed understanding of
ethnic discrimination and its connection
to alcohol consumption becomes
essential.
In the context of Mexico's educational
policy, the General Education Law62 aims
to promote equity and prevent
discrimination at all levels of the education
system, and these findings can directly
contribute to these efforts. Identifying key
attributes and gaining a thorough
understanding of the antecedents and
consequences associated with ethnic
discrimination provides more precise
guidance for the implementation of
preventive and corrective measures,
thereby fostering an educational
environment that promotes values of
equality and respect.
This deep understanding will enable
health professionals to develop more
effective strategies to mitigate negative
impacts and promote the well-being of
adolescents facing ethnic discrimination
in the context of alcohol consumption.
Ultimately, integrating this knowledge
into current educational policies will
contribute to the creation of a truly
inclusive and equitable educational system
in Mexico.
Additionally, this work stands out for its
concrete findings, identifying specific
areas that require immediate attention
and action. However, it is important to
acknowledge the study's inherent
limitations, such as the generalization of
results to different contexts and the need
to address intercultural variability. For
future research, questions arise that
expand the boundaries of knowledge, such
as the exploration of specific interventions
and the evaluation of their effectiveness in
diverse settings. These questions can
guide future research to further
strengthen the understanding of ethnic
discrimination and its impact on
adolescent alcohol consumption.
6. Statements
6.1 Authorship recognition
Conceptualization: IDEQ; Methodology:
MMAC; Validation: SCP; Formal Analysis:
IDEQ, MMAC; Research: IDEQ; Resources:
IDEQ; Data Curation: SCP, NAAG; Writing
(original draft): IDEQ; Writing (review and
editing): MMAC, NAAG, SCP; Visualization:
MMAC, NAAG; Supervision: MMAC, SCP;
Project Administration: IDEQ.
6.2. Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no
conflicts of interest regarding the
development of the study.
6.3 Acknowledgments
To the National Council for Humanities,
Sciences, and Technologies (CONAHCYT).
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Volume 2 (3): e34. July-September. 2024.
56
Https://doi.org/10.56935/hij.v2i3.34
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